Ubume bophuhliso loshishino loomatshini bokupakisha

Umzi-mveliso womatshini wokupakisha waseTshayina usungulwe kuphela iminyaka engama-20, unesiseko esibuthathaka ngokwentelekiso, ubuchwephesha obunganelanga kunye nesakhono sophando lwezenzululwazi, kunye nophuhliso lwalo olusilelayo, oluye lwatsala ishishini lokutya kunye nokupakisha ukusa kumkhamo othile. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngo-2010, ixabiso lilonke lemveliso yeshishini lasekhaya lingafikelela kwi-130 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan (ixabiso langoku), kwaye imfuno yemarike inokufikelela kwi-200 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan. Indlela yokubamba kunye nokubamba le marike inkulu ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka yingxaki ekufuneka siyisombulule ngokukhawuleza. Ubume bophuhliso lwelizwe lam loshishino lomatshini wokupakisha wevacuum. Umatshini wokupakisha we-vacuum wase-China waqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, ngexabiso lemveliso yonyaka elizizigidi ezingama-70 okanye ezingama-80 kuphela. Kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-100 kuphela. Iyonke intengiso yonyuka ukusuka kwi-15 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ngo-1994 ukuya ku-2000. Ixabiso lonyaka leeyuan ezibhiliyoni ezingama-30, iintlobo ngeentlobo zeemveliso zikhule ukusuka kuma-270 ngo-1994 ukuya kwi-3,700 ngo-2000. Inqanaba lemveliso lifikelele kwinqanaba elitsha, kunye nomkhwa omkhulu. -isikali, isethi epheleleyo kunye ne-automation sele iqalile ukubonakala, kwaye izixhobo ezinokuhanjiswa okunzima kunye nomxholo ophezulu wezobugcisa sele ziqalile ukubonakala. Kunokuthiwa ukuba ukuveliswa koomatshini belizwe lam kuye kwahlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko zasekhaya kwaye kwaqala ukuthumela ngaphandle kwe-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia kunye namazwe ehlabathi lesithathu. Ngokomzekelo, inani elipheleleyo lelizwe lam lokungeniswa kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle kwi-2000 laliyi-2.737 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zase-US, apho ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-1.29 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zase-US, ukunyuka ukusuka kwi-1999. Yiloo 22.2%. Phakathi kweendidi zoomatshini abathunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle, ukutya (ubisi, iqebengwana, inyama, iziqhamo) oomatshini bokulungisa, ii-oveni, ukupakishwa, oomatshini bokubhala iilebhile, izixhobo zokuvelisa zeplastiki kunye nabanye oomatshini abaninzi bathunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle. Oomatshini bokutya abanje ngeswekile, iwayini, kunye neziselo, oomatshini bokupakisha iVacuum kunye nezinye izixhobo sele ziqalisile ukuthumela ngaphandle iiseti ezipheleleyo. Ubume bangoku bophuhliso Ngokumalunga nokupakishwa kokutya, ezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo nezisisiseko zokupakisha iindlela namhlanje zohlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini, ezizezi, ukuzaliswa nokusonga. Indlela yokuzalisa ifanelekile phantse zonke izinto kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zeebhokisi zokupakisha. Ngokukodwa, kulwelo, i-powders, kunye ne-granular materials kunye ne-fluidity elungileyo, inkqubo yokupakisha inokugqityezelwa ngokukodwa ngokuxhomekeka kubunzima bayo, kwaye kufuneka yongezwe ngesenzo esithile somatshini. Kwi-semi-fluid ene-viscosity eyomeleleyo okanye indawo enye kunye nedibeneyo enomzimba omkhulu, amanyathelo anyanzelekileyo ahambelanayo afana nokucudisa, ukutyhala ngaphakathi, ukuchola kunye nokubeka ayafuneka. Ngokuphathelele indlela yokusonga, yahlukile kule. Ubukhulu becala ifaneleka kwiindawo ezingatshatanga okanye ezidityanisiweyo kunye nokubonakala rhoqo, ukuqina okwaneleyo, kunye nokupakishwa okuqinileyo. Iiplastiki eziguquguqukayo kunye nezixhobo zazo ezidibeneyo (ezinye iipaliti ezongezelelweyo eziKhanyayo, ii-liners), ezisongwe ngesenzo soomatshini. Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, ishishini lokupakisha lamazwe ngamazwe lincamathele ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuphuculeni amandla ngokubanzi kunye nezakhono zokuhlanganisa imisebenzi emininzi koomatshini bokupakisha kunye nenkqubo yokupakisha yonke, ukubonelela ngeendlela zokuvelisa ngexesha kunye neziguquguqukayo zeemveliso ezahlukeneyo eziphuhla ngokukhawuleza kwimarike. . Kwangaxeshanye, ngokusekwe kwiimfuno zokwenyani zokwenziwa lula ukupakishwa kunye nobuchwepheshe bokupakisha obugqwesileyo, uphononongo oluqhubekayo luye lwakhawulezisa kakhulu isantya sokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kobuchwepheshe. Ngokukodwa ekuphenduleni uphuhliso oluhambelanayo lwezixhobo zoomatshini zanamhlanje, luyacaca ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukuze kusekwe inkqubo entsha yokupakishwa koomatshini abahlukeneyo, bendalo yonke, kunye nemisebenzi emininzi, kuyimfuneko ukugxila kuqala ekusombululeni iingxaki ezinkulu zokudibanisa kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-electromechanical, ngokungathandabuzekiyo isalathiso esibalulekileyo sophuhliso kwixesha elizayo. Ukupakishwa koomatshini endaweni yokupakisha ngesandla kuye kwaphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kokupakishwa, kodwa ukwanda kokupakishwa kuye kwaba yinto embi. Kwixesha elizayo, kungekuphela nje ukupakisha, kodwa kunye noomatshini bokupakisha baya kuphuhlisa ekukhuselweni kwendalo. Ukukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo okuluhlaza ngowona mxholo wekamva. Uphuhliso loshishino loomatshini bokupakisha oomatshini bokupakisha baseTshayina baqale kade, ukuqala ngeminyaka yoo-1970. Emva kokufunda ngoomatshini bokupakisha baseJapan, iBeijing Institute of Commercial Machinery yagqiba ukwenza umatshini wokupakisha wokuqala waseTshayina. Emva kweminyaka engama-20 yophuhliso, oomatshini bokupakisha baseTshayina baye baba ngomnye wamashishini alishumi aphezulu kumashishini oomatshini, ebonelela ngesiqinisekiso esiqinileyo sophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini lokupakisha laseTshayina. Abanye oomatshini bokupakisha bazalise isithuba sasekhaya kwaye banokuhlangabezana neemfuno zemarike yasekhaya. Ezinye iimveliso zithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle. Ukungenisa oomatshini bokupakisha baseTshayina balingana nexabiso lilonke lemveliso, elikude kumazwe aphuhlileyo. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini, kukho kwakhona uluhlu lweengxaki. Kweli nqanaba, inqanaba loshishino loomatshini bokupakisha baseTshayina alikho phezulu ngokwaneleyo. Imarike yoomatshini bokupakisha iya isanda ngokwandayo. Ngaphandle koomatshini bokupakisha obotyiweyo kunye noomatshini bokupakisha abancinci abanomlinganiselo othile kunye neenzuzo, abanye oomatshini bokupakisha baphantse baphuma kwinkqubo kunye nesikali, ngakumbi imigca yemveliso yokupakisha epheleleyo enemfuno ephezulu kwimarike, njengemigca yokuvelisa ulwelo, ukupakishwa kwesiselo. ikhonteyina iiseti ezipheleleyo zezixhobo, imigca yemveliso yokupakishwa kwe-aseptic, njl.njl., ilawulwa ngamaqela amakhulu amashishini omatshini wokupakisha kwihlabathi lemarike yoomatshini bokupakisha, kwaye amashishini asekhaya kufuneka athathe amanyathelo asebenzayo ebusweni bempembelelo enamandla yeempawu zangaphandle. Ukujonga imeko yangoku, imfuno yehlabathi yoomatshini bokupakisha ikhula ngesantya sonyaka se-5.3%. I-United States inomenzi omkhulu wezixhobo zokupakisha, ilandelwa yiJapan, kunye nabanye abavelisi abakhulu baquka iJamani, i-Italiya ne-China. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhula okukhawulezayo kwemveliso yezixhobo zokupakisha kwixesha elizayo kuya kuba kumazwe asaphuhlayo kunye nemimandla. Amazwe aphuhlileyo aya kuxhamla ekuvuseleleni imfuno yangaphakathi, kwaye afumane abavelisi basekhaya abafanelekileyo kumazwe asakhasayo, ngakumbi ukutyala imali kwizityalo ezilungisa ukutya kunye nokubonelela ngoomatshini bokupakisha kunye nezixhobo. I-China yenze inkqubela phambili enkulu ukusukela ekungeneni kwayo kwi-WTO. Inqanaba loomatshini bokupakisha baseTshayina liye laphucuka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye umsantsa okwinqanaba eliphezulu lehlabathi uye wancipha ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngokuvuleka okukhulayo kweTshayina, oomatshini bokupakisha baseTshayina nabo baya kuvula ngakumbi urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.