Isimo sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yemishini yokupakisha

Imboni yomshini wokupakisha we-vacuum yaseShayina yakhiwe iminyaka engu-20 kuphela, inesisekelo esibuthakathaka uma kuqhathaniswa, ubuchwepheshe obanele kanye namakhono okucwaninga kwesayensi, kanye nentuthuko yayo ehlehlayo, edonsele imboni yokudla nokupakisha ngezinga elithile. Kubikezelwa ukuthi ngo-2010, inani eliphelele lomkhiqizo wemboni yasekhaya lingase lifinyelele ku-130 billion yuan (intengo yamanje), futhi isidingo semakethe singase sifinyelele ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200. Indlela yokubamba nokubamba le makethe enkulu ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka kuyinkinga okudingeka siyixazulule ngokushesha. Isimo sokuthuthuka somkhakha wezwe lami womshini wokupakisha ivacuum. Umshini wokupakisha we-vacuum wase-China waqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, unenani eliphumayo lonyaka lama-yuan ayizigidi ezingama-70 noma angama-80 kuphela. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100 kuphela. Isamba esidayisiwe sikhuphuke sisuka kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-15 ngo-1994 kuya ku-2000. Inani lonyaka lama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-30, izinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo zikhule zisuka ku-270 ngo-1994 zaya ku-3,700 ngo-2000. Izinga lomkhiqizo selifinyelele izinga elisha, kanye nomkhuba omkhulu. -isikali, isethi ephelele kanye ne-automation isiqalile ukuvela, futhi okokusebenza okunokudluliselwa okuyinkimbinkimbi nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezobuchwepheshe sekuqalile ukuvela. Kungashiwo ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwemishini yezwe lami kuye kwahlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo zasekhaya futhi kwaqala ukuthekelisa eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nakwamanye amazwe omhlaba wesithathu. Isibonelo, inani lezwe lami eliphelele lokungenisa nokuthekelisa ngo-2000 lalingamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.737, lapho ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwakungamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.29, okuwukunyuka kusukela ngo-1999. Lokho kungu-22.2%. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zemishini ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, imishini yokukhiqiza ukudla (ubisi, ikhekhe, inyama, izithelo), ohhavini, ukupakisha, imishini yokulebula, imishini yokukhiqiza yephepha-plastic-aluminium eyinhlanganisela yemishini yokukhiqiza neminye imishini ithunyelwa kakhulu kwamanye amazwe. Imishini yokudla efana noshukela, iwayini, neziphuzo, Imishini yokupakisha iVacuum nezinye izinto zokusebenza seziqalile ukuthumela ngaphandle amasethi aphelele. Isimo samanje sentuthuko Maqondana nokupakishwa kokudla, amasu okupakisha asetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ayisisekelo kakhulu namuhla ahlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili, okungukuthi ukugcwalisa nokugoqa. Indlela yokugcwalisa ifaneleka cishe zonke izinto kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zeziqukathi zokupakisha. Ikakhulukazi, ngoketshezi, izimpushana, nezinto eziyimbudumbudu ezine-fluidity enhle, inqubo yokupakisha ingaqedwa ikakhulukazi ngokuncika kumandla ayo adonsela phansi, futhi kufanele yengezwe ngesenzo esithile somshini. Ku-semi-fluid ene-viscosity eqinile noma ingxenye eyodwa futhi ehlanganisiwe enomzimba omkhulu, izinyathelo eziyimpoqo ezihambisanayo ezifana nokukhama, ukusunduza, ukukha nokubeka kuyadingeka. Mayelana nendlela yokugoqa, ihlukile kulokhu. Ifaneleka kakhulu izingxenye ezingashadile noma ezihlanganisiwe ezinokubukeka okuvamile, ukuqina okwanele, nokupakishwa okuqinile. Amapulasitiki aguquguqukayo nezinto zawo eziyinhlanganisela (amanye amaphalethi Alula angasindi, amalayini), esongwe ngesenzo somshini. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, imboni yokupakisha yamazwe ngamazwe ibeke ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni amakhono ajwayelekile kanye namakhono okuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi eminingi yemishini yokupakisha kanye nalo lonke uhlelo lokupakisha, ukuhlinzeka ngezindlela zokukhiqiza ezifika ngesikhathi nezivumelana nezimo zemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ethuthuka ngokushesha emakethe. . Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zangempela zokwenza lula ukupakisha kanye nobuchwepheshe bokupakisha obuphakeme, ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kuye kwasheshisa kakhulu ijubane lokusungula kwakho ubuchwepheshe. Ikakhulukazi ekuphenduleni ukuthuthukiswa okuvumelanayo kwamathuluzi esimanje omshini othomathikhi, kuyacaca kancane kancane. Ukuze kusungulwe uhlelo olusha lwemishini yokupakisha ehlukahlukene, yendawo yonke, kanye nemisebenzi eminingi, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqale ugxile ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezinkulu zokuhlanganiswa nokuhlanganiswa kwe-electromechanical, ngokungangabazeki isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa esibalulekile esikhathini esizayo. Ukupakisha ngomshini esikhundleni sokupakisha okwenziwa ngesandla kuye kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokupakisha, kodwa ukwanda kokupakisha nakho sekuphenduke inselele. Esikhathini esizayo, hhayi ukupakisha kuphela, kodwa futhi nemishini yokupakisha izothuthukisa ekuvikelweni kwemvelo. Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okuluhlaza kuyindikimba eyinhloko yesikhathi esizayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yemishini yokupakisha Imishini yokupakisha yaseChina yaqala sekwephuzile, kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970s. Ngemva kokutadisha imishini yokupakisha yaseJapane, i-Beijing Institute of Commercial Machinery yaqeda ukwakhiwa komshini wokuqala wokupakisha waseChina. Ngemuva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 yentuthuko, imishini yokupakisha yaseChina isibe yinye yezimboni eziyishumi eziphezulu embonini yemishini, ihlinzeka ngesiqinisekiso esiqinile sokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwemboni yokupakisha yaseChina. Eminye imishini yokupakisha igcwalise igebe lasekhaya futhi ingahlangabezana nezidingo zemakethe yasekhaya. Eminye imikhiqizo iphinde ithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe. Imishini yokupakisha yaseShayina engenisiwe icishe ilingane nenani eliphelele lokuphumayo, elikude namazwe athuthukile. Ngokuthuthuka ngokushesha kwemboni, kukhona nochungechunge lwezinkinga. Kulesi sigaba, izinga lemboni yemishini yokupakisha yaseShayina aliphezulu ngokwanele. Imakethe yemishini yokupakisha iya ngokuya iba ngumuntu oyedwa. Ngaphandle kwemishini yokupakisha kathayela neminye imishini emincane yokupakisha enesilinganiso nezinzuzo ezithile, eminye imishini yokupakisha isicishe iphume ohlelweni nesikali, ikakhulukazi eminye imigqa yokukhiqiza yokupakisha ephelele enesidingo esikhulu emakethe, njengemigqa yokukhiqiza yokugcwalisa uketshezi, Ukupakishwa kwesiphuzo. izitsha eziphelele zemishini, imigqa yokukhiqiza yokupakisha i-aseptic, njll., ilawulwa amaqembu amaningi emishini yokupakisha emakethe yemishini yokupakisha emhlabeni, futhi amabhizinisi asekhaya kufanele athathe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo lapho ebhekene nomthelela onamandla wemikhiqizo yangaphandle. Uma sibheka isimo samanje, isidingo somhlaba wonke semishini yokupakisha sikhula ngenani lonyaka lika-5.3%. I-United States inomkhiqizi omkhulu wezinto zokupakisha, ilandelwa yiJapan, kanti abanye abakhiqizi abakhulu bahlanganisa iJalimane, i-Italy neChina. Kodwa-ke, ukukhula okusheshayo kokukhiqizwa kwemishini yokupakisha esikhathini esizayo kuzoba emazweni asathuthuka nasezifundeni. Amazwe athuthukile azozuza ngokuvuselela isidingo sasekhaya, futhi athole abakhiqizi bendawo abafanelekile emazweni asathuthuka, ikakhulukazi abatshala imali ezimbonini ezilungisa ukudla kanye nokuhlinzeka ngemishini yokupakisha nemishini. I-China yenze inqubekelaphambili enkulu kusukela ingena ku-WTO. Izinga lemishini yokupakisha yaseChina liye laba ngcono ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi igebe ngezinga elithuthukisiwe lomhlaba liye lancipha kancane kancane. Ngokuvuleka okukhulayo kweChina, imishini yokupakisha yaseChina izophinde ivule imakethe yamazwe ngamazwe.