Isimo sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yemishini yokupakisha

Imboni yemishini yokupakisha i-vacuum yaseShayina isungulwe iminyaka engama-20 kuphela, inesisekelo esibuthakathaka, amakhono obuchwepheshe kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi anganele, kanye nentuthuko yayo ebambezelekile, okudonsele imboni yokudla nokupakisha ngezinga elithile. Kubikezelwa ukuthi ngo-2010, inani eliphelele lomkhiqizo wemboni yasekhaya lingafinyelela kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-130 (intengo yamanje), kanye nesidingo semakethe singafinyelela kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-200. Indlela yokubamba nokuphatha le makethe enkulu ngokushesha okukhulu kuyinkinga okudingeka siyixazulule ngokushesha. Isimo sokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yemishini yokupakisha i-vacuum yezwe lami. Umshini wokupakisha i-vacuum waseShayina waqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, ngenani lomkhiqizo waminyaka yonke lama-yuan ayizigidi ezingama-70 noma ezingama-80 kuphela. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwe-100 kuphela. Inani eliphelele lokuthengisa likhuphuke lisuka kuma-yuan ayizigidigidi eziyi-15 ngo-1994 kuya ku-2000. Inani lonyaka lama-yuan ayizigidigidi ezingama-30, izinhlobo zemikhiqizo zikhule zisuka kuma-270 ngo-1994 zaya kuma-3,700 ngo-2000. Izinga lomkhiqizo selifinyelele ezingeni elisha, futhi ukuthambekela kwesethi enkulu, ephelele kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela sekuqalile ukuvela, futhi imishini enokudlulisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kobuchwepheshe isiqalile ukuvela. Kungashiwo ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwemishini yezwe lami kuhlangabezane nezidingo eziyisisekelo zasekhaya futhi kwaqala ukuthumela kwamanye amazwe eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kanye namazwe angaphandle. Isibonelo, inani eliphelele lokungenisa nokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ezweni lami ngo-2000 lalingama-dollar ayizigidigidi eziyi-2.737 zaseMelika, okwakuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwakungama-dollar ayizigidigidi eziyi-1.29 zaseMelika, ukwanda kusukela ngo-1999. Lokho kungu-22.2%. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zemishini ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, imishini yokucubungula ukudla (ubisi, ikhekhe, inyama, izithelo), ama-oven, ukupakisha, imishini yokulebula, imishini yokukhiqiza amathini ahlanganisiwe ephepha-ipulasitiki-aluminium kanye neminye imishini ithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kakhulu. Imishini yokudla efana noshukela, iwayini, neziphuzo, Imishini yokupakisha i-vacuum kanye neminye imishini isiqalile ukuthumela ngaphandle amasethi aphelele. Isimo samanje sokuthuthukiswa Ngokuphathelene nokupakisha ukudla, amasu okupakisha asetshenziswa kakhulu futhi ayisisekelo namuhla ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili, okungukugcwalisa nokugoqa. Indlela yokugcwalisa ifanelekela cishe zonke izinto kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezitsha zokupakisha. Ngokukhethekile, koketshezi, impuphu, nezinto ezihlanganisiwe ezinoketshezi oluhle, inqubo yokupakisha ingaqedwa ngokuyinhloko ngokuthembela kumandla ayo adonsela phansi, futhi kumele igcwaliswe ngesenzo esithile somshini. Ukuze kube noketshezi oluncane olunobuthi obuqinile noma izingxenye ezihlanganisiwe nezinomzimba omkhulu, kudingeka izinyathelo eziphoqelekile ezihambisanayo njengokucindezela, ukusunduza, ukuqoqa nokubeka. Ngokuphathelene nendlela yokugoqa, ihlukile kulokhu. Ifaneleka kakhulu izingxenye ezihlanganisiwe noma ezihlanganisiwe ezinokubukeka okuvamile, ukuqina okwanele, kanye nokupakisha okuqinile. Amapulasitiki aguquguqukayo nezinto zawo ezihlanganisiwe (amanye ama-pallet alula, ama-liners), ahlanganiswe ngesenzo somshini. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, imboni yokupakisha yamazwe ngamazwe ibeke ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni amakhono ajwayelekile kanye namakhono okuhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi yemishini yokupakisha kanye nohlelo lonke lokupakisha, ihlinzeka ngezindlela zokukhiqiza ezifika ngesikhathi neziguquguqukayo zemikhiqizo eyahlukahlukene ethuthuka ngokushesha emakethe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zangempela zokwenza lula ukupakisha kanye nobuchwepheshe bokupakisha obuphezulu, ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kuye kwasheshisa kakhulu ijubane lobuchwepheshe bayo. Ikakhulukazi ekuphenduleni ukuthuthukiswa okuhambisanayo kwamathuluzi omshini wesimanje ozenzakalelayo, kusobala kancane kancane. Ukuze kusungulwe uhlelo olusha lwemishini yokupakisha oluhlukahlukene, olujwayelekile, nolunemisebenzi eminingi, kubalulekile ukugxila kuqala ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezinkulu zokuhlanganiswa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-electromechanical, okungangabazeki ukuthi kuyisiqondiso esibalulekile sentuthuko esikhathini esizayo. Ukupakisha ngomshini esikhundleni sokupakisha ngesandla kuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokupakisha, kodwa ukwanda kokupakisha nakho kube yiphutha. Esikhathini esizayo, hhayi ukupakisha kuphela, kodwa nemishini yokupakisha izothuthukela ekuvikelweni kwemvelo. Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okuluhlaza kuyisihloko esiyinhloko sesikhathi esizayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yemishini yokupakisha Imishini yokupakisha yaseShayina yaqala sekwephuzile, kusukela ngawo-1970. Ngemva kokufunda imishini yokupakisha yaseJapan, iBeijing Institute of Commercial Machinery yaqeda ukwenziwa komshini wokuqala wokupakisha waseShayina. Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 yentuthuko, imishini yokupakisha yaseShayina isibe ngesinye sezimboni eziyishumi eziphezulu embonini yemishini, ihlinzeka ngesiqinisekiso esinamandla sentuthuko esheshayo yemboni yokupakisha yaseShayina. Eminye imishini yokupakisha igcwalise igebe lasekhaya futhi ingahlangabezana nezidingo zemakethe yasekhaya. Eminye imikhiqizo nayo iyathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ukungeniswa kwemishini yokupakisha yaseShayina cishe kufana nenani eliphelele lokukhipha, elikude kakhulu namazwe athuthukile. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni, kukhona nochungechunge lwezinkinga. Kulesi sigaba, izinga lemboni yemishini yokupakisha yaseShayina aliphezulu ngokwanele. Imakethe yemishini yokupakisha iya ngokuya ilawulwa. Ngaphandle kwemishini yokupakisha ehlanganisiwe kanye neminye imishini yokupakisha emincane enesilinganiso esithile nezinzuzo ezithile, eminye imishini yokupakisha cishe ayisebenzi kahle, ikakhulukazi eminye imigqa yokukhiqiza ephelele yokupakisha enesidingo esikhulu emakethe, njengemigqa yokukhiqiza yokugcwalisa uketshezi, amasethi aphelele esitsha sokupakisha iziphuzo, imigqa yokukhiqiza yokupakisha engasasebenzi kahle, njll., ilawulwa amaqembu amaningana amakhulu ezinkampani zokupakisha emakethe yemishini yokupakisha yomhlaba, futhi amabhizinisi asekhaya kufanele athathe izinyathelo zokulwa ezikhuthele lapho ebhekene nomthelela onamandla wemikhiqizo yangaphandle. Uma sibheka isimo samanje, isidingo somhlaba wonke semishini yokupakisha sikhula ngesilinganiso sonyaka esingu-5.3%. I-United States inomkhiqizi wemishini yokupakisha omkhulu kunayo yonke, ilandelwa yiJapan, kanti abanye abakhiqizi abakhulu bafaka iJalimane, i-Italy neChina. Kodwa-ke, ukukhula okusheshayo kokukhiqizwa kwemishini yokupakisha esikhathini esizayo kuzoba emazweni asathuthuka nasezifundeni. Amazwe athuthukile azozuza ekuvuseleleni isidingo sasekhaya, futhi athole abakhiqizi bendawo abafanelekile emazweni asathuthuka, ikakhulukazi ukutshala imali ezitshalweni zokucubungula ukudla kanye nokuhlinzeka ngemishini yokupakisha kanye nemishini. I-China yenze intuthuko enkulu selokhu yangena kwi-WTO. Izinga lemishini yokupakisha yaseShayina lithuthuke ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi igebe elihambisana nezinga elithuthukile lomhlaba liye lancipha kancane kancane. Njengoba ukuvuleka kweShayina kukhula, imishini yokupakisha yaseShayina izovula imakethe yamazwe ngamazwe.