Inkqubo esisiseko yokuvelisa kunye nokupakisha iti eluhlaza

Iti eluhlaza yenye yezona ndidi zeti zikhethekileyo kwilizwe lethu. Yiti engavuthwanga. Yimveliso eyenziwe ngamahlumela emithi yeti njengezinto eziluhlaza, engavuthwanga, kwaye icutshungulwa ngeenkqubo eziqhelekileyo ezifana nokunyanga, ukuqengqeleka, nokomisa. Umgangatho weti eluhlaza ubonakaliswa 'ngamahlumela amathathu' (aluhlaza ngokubonakala, aluhlaza kwisuphu, kwaye aluhlaza ezantsi kwamagqabi), ivumba elimnandi kunye nencasa entsha. Amagqabi aluhlaza kwisuphu ecacileyo ziimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeti eluhlaza. Inkqubo yokuvelisa kunye nokupakisha iti eluhlaza ngokubanzi ibandakanya ukukha, ukubuna, ukugqiba, ukuqengqeleka, ukomisa, ukucokisa kunye nokupakisha. Ukukha Ukukha kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokukha iti. Kukho imigangatho engqongqo yokukha imifuno yeti. Ukuvuthwa kunye nokulingana kwamahlumela kunye namagqabi, kunye nexesha lokukha, zonke zizinto ezibalulekileyo kakhulu ezimisela umgangatho weti. Ukubuna Amagqabi amatsha akhiwa aze asasazwe kwisixhobo esicocekileyo. Ubukhulu kufuneka bube yi-7-10 cm. Ixesha lokusasazeka liyiiyure ezi-6-12, kwaye amagqabi kufuneka ajikwe ngokufanelekileyo embindini. Xa umswakama wamagqabi amatsha ufikelela kwi-68% ukuya kwi-70%, xa umgangatho wamagqabi uthamba kwaye ushiya ivumba elitsha, unokungena kwinqanaba lokususa uhlaza. Umthamo wamanzi kufuneka ulawulwe ngokufanelekileyo: umlinganiselo wamanzi ophantsi kakhulu uya kubangela ukulahleka kwamanzi, kwaye amagqabi aya koma aze afe, nto leyo eya kubangela ukuba incasa yeti egqityiweyo ibe ncinci; umlinganiselo wamanzi ophezulu kakhulu kunye nokungaxutywa kuya kubangela ukuba amanzi aqokeleleke kumagqabi amatsha, nto leyo eya kubangela ukuba iti inambitheke kakrakra. Ukugqiba Ukugqiba yinkqubo ebalulekileyo ekucutshungulweni kweti eluhlaza. Amanyathelo obushushu aphezulu athathwa ukuze kususwe umswakama wamagqabi, kuthintelwe umsebenzi we-enzyme, kuthintelwe ukusabela kwe-enzyme, kwaye kubangele utshintsho oluthile lweekhemikhali kumxholo wamagqabi amatsha, ngaloo ndlela kusekwe iimpawu zomgangatho weti eluhlaza kunye nokugcina umbala kunye nencasa yeti. Ukuba ubushushu buphantsi kakhulu ngexesha lenkqubo yokunyanga kwaye ubushushu bamagqabi bunyuka ixesha elide, ii-polyphenols zeti ziya kudlula kwi-enzyme reaction ukuze zivelise 'iziqu ezibomvu kunye namagqabi abomvu'. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba ubushushu buphezulu kakhulu, i-chlorophyll iya kutshatyalaliswa kakhulu, nto leyo eya kukhokelela ekubeni umbala wamagqabi ube mthubi, kwaye ezinye zide zivelise imiphetho kunye namabala agxileyo, nto leyo eya kunciphisa umgangatho weti eluhlaza. Ke ngoko, kumagqabi amatsha ahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha ahlukeneyo onyaka, kukho iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zexesha lokuphiliswa kunye nobushushu. Kubalulekile ukuqonda umgaqo 'wokunyanga ngobushushu obuphezulu, ukuhlanganiswa kokuphosa okukruqulayo, ukuxinana okuncinci kunye nokuphosa okungakumbi, amagqabi amadala athambile kwaye amagqabi amatsha amadala'. Amagqabi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amagqabi athambile kwaye anamathela kancinci, iziqu zihlala ziqhekekile, kwaye izandla zicinezelwe zibe yibhola, zithambile kancinci, uluhlaza buyanyamalala, kwaye ivumba leti liyaphuphuma. Xa iimfuno zokuvuthwa, ukucokisa kunye nokufana zifikelelwe, iya kuphuma embizeni ngoko nangoko. Yivumele iphole kwangoko emva kokuba iphumile embizeni. Kungcono ukusebenzisa ifeni ukuyipholisa ukuze ukhuphe amanzi ngokukhawuleza, unciphise ubushushu bamagqabi, kwaye uthintele umbala wamagqabi ukuba ungabi mthubi kwaye uvelise ivumba elibi. Ukuxova Emva kokugqiba, xova amagqabi eti njengee-noodles zokuxova. Umsebenzi ophambili wokuqengqa kukutshabalalisa ngokuchanekileyo izicubu zamagqabi (izinga lomonakalo weeseli zamagqabi eziqengqelekayo lidla ngokuba yi-45-55%, ijusi yeti inamathela kumphezulu wegqabi, kwaye isandla siziva sithanjiswe kwaye sinamathela), ayisiyo nje kuphela ijusi yeti elula ukuyipheka, kodwa ikwamelana nokuphekwa; nciphisa umthamo ukuze ubeke isiseko esihle sesimo esomileyo; bumba iimpawu ezahlukeneyo. Ukuxova ngokubanzi kwahlulwe ngokuxova okushushu kunye nokuxova okubandayo. Okubizwa ngokuba kukuxova okushushu kukuxova amagqabi aqandisiweyo ngaphandle kokuwabeka ngexesha eshushu; okubizwa ngokuba kukuxova okubandayo kukuxova amagqabi aqandisiweyo emva kwexesha elithile emva kokuba ephumile ebhodweni, ukuze ubushushu bamagqabi buhle buye kwinqanaba elithile. Amagqabi amadala anomxholo ophezulu we-cellulose kwaye akulula ukuwakha abe yimicu ngexesha lokuxova, kwaye kulula ukuwasebenzisa ukuxova okushushu; amagqabi athambileyo akumgangatho ophezulu kulula ukuwakha abe yimicu xa exova. Ukuze kugcinwe umbala olungileyo kunye nevumba elimnandi, kusetyenziswa ukuxova okubandayo. Ngokwendlela enamandla okuxova, inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe: ukuxova okukhanyayo, iti eyenziwe ngokuxova okukhanyayo iba yimilo yomcu; Ukuqengqeleka okuphakathi, iti eyenziwe ngokuqengqeleka okuphakathi iba yi-hemisphere; ukuqengqeleka okunzima, iti eyenziwe ngokuqengqeleka okunzima iba yimo yehlabathi. Ukomisa Inkqubo yokomisa iti eluhlaza ngokubanzi yomiswa kuqala ukuze kuncitshiswe umxholo wamanzi ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokuqhotsa epanini, uze emva koko uqhotse. Iinjongo eziphambili zenkqubo yokomisa zezi zilandelayo: 1. Yenza amagqabi aqhubeke nokutshintsha umxholo ngokusekelwe ekuqineni, kwaye kuphuculwe umgangatho wangaphakathi; 2. Lungisa iintambo ngokusekelwe ekujijekeni ukuphucula inkangeleko; 3. Khupha umswakama ogqithisileyo ukuze kuthintelwe ukubola, kube lula ukugcina. Okokugqibela, iti eyomileyo kufuneka ihlangabezane neemeko zokugcina ezikhuselekileyo, oko kukuthi, umxholo womswakama kufuneka ube yi-5-6%, kwaye amagqabi angatyumzwa ngesandla. Ukupakishwa Umatshini wokupakisha iti eluhlaza we-elektroniki wenziwe ngezixhobo zokupakisha ezivuselela kabini, ezenza ukupakishwa kube mnandi ngakumbi kwaye ixesha lokugcina iti lide, ukuze ulwazi lophawu lwamashishini eti lube phezulu, kwaye iti eluhlaza ikhuthazwe ukuba ingene kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe.